Alcohol, Neurotoxins and Their Impact on Brain Health: How Everyday Toxins Affect Cognitive Function & Brain Health

Understanding Neurotoxins and Their Role in Brain Health

Neurotoxins are harmful substances that interfere with the normal function of neurons, potentially leading to neurological disorders, slower brain function, slower brain function and damage brain health, cognitive decline, and mental health issues. These toxins can enter the body through various pathways, including inhalation, ingestion, skin absorption, or injection. Once inside, they may cross the blood-brain barrier and disrupt central nervous system functions, causing inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration.

Chronic inflammation in the brain has been strongly linked to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and multiple sclerosis. Inflammatory processes in the brain can also contribute to mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and mood instability.

The body’s detoxification systems, primarily the liver and kidneys, play a crucial role in eliminating these toxins. However, excessive exposure can overwhelm these organs, leading to toxin accumulation and long-term damage to brain health. Individuals with conditions such as ADHD, autism, and neurodivergent traits may be particularly sensitive to the effects of neurotoxins, making awareness and prevention critical.

Common Sources of Neurotoxins and Their Effects on Cognitive Function

Neurotoxins are more prevalent in everyday life than many people realise. Prolonged or repeated exposure to these harmful substances can contribute to issues like brain fog, headaches, cognitive decline, and an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and dementia. Additionally, neurotoxin-induced inflammation can exacerbate symptoms of autoimmune diseases and other inflammatory conditions, increasing susceptibility to long-term neurological damage.

Air Pollution and Toxin Exposure

Airborne pollutants such as fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been linked to inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain. Studies suggest that long-term exposure to air pollution can contribute to cognitive impairment, increased dementia risk, and mental health disorders like depression and anxiety. Chronic inflammation caused by these pollutants may also trigger or worsen autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Heavy Metals: Lead, Mercury, and Aluminium

Heavy metals, including lead, mercury, and aluminium, have been widely studied for their neurotoxic effects. These metals can accumulate in brain tissue, leading to:

  • Cognitive decline and memory impairment
  • Increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, including ADHD and autism
  • Elevated inflammation, which may contribute to Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease
  • Aggravation of autoimmune conditions such as lupus and multiple sclerosis

Lead exposure, even at low levels, has been associated with lower IQ scores and developmental delays in children. Mercury, commonly found in seafood and dental amalgams, can impair motor function and cognitive processing. Aluminium, often found in processed foods and some vaccines, has been controversially linked to neurodegenerative diseases and chronic inflammatory responses in the body.

Fluoride: A Controversial Neurotoxin 

Fluoride, in the past commonly added to drinking water and dental products, is now banned in many countries, and considered by most countries and debated as a dangerous neurotoxin. Research ongoingly suggests that high levels of fluoride exposure in children may lead to lower IQ scores and shown alterations in brain development, slower brain function, damage brain health.  While fluoride in the past was considered to have dental benefits, unnecessary and exposure should be avoided, especially in young children, pregnant women, and neurodivergent individuals. Fluoride accumulation may also contribute to inflammatory conditions, inflammation-related disorders, including many autoimmune conditions such as thyroid disease.

Alcohol and Its Impact on Brain Function

Alcohol is a well-known neurotoxin that can cause both short-term and long-term brain damage. While occasional alcohol consumption may not pose a significant risk, chronic alcohol consumption and excess alcohol use can lead to:

  • Memory loss and cognitive impairment
  • Increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease
  • Structural brain changes, including shrinkage of the hippocampus
  • Increased susceptibility to addictions and substance abuse disorders
  • Worsening of autoimmune diseases due to its pro-inflammatory effects

Drugs and Substance Abuse impacts on Brain Function

Recreational and illicit drugs, including cocaine, speed, weed, methamphetamines, opioids, and synthetic drugs, have profound neurotoxic effects. These substances interfere with neurotransmitter function, leading to:

  • Impaired cognitive function and memory deficits
  • Increased risk of addiction and dependence
  • Altered mood regulation, contributing to depression and anxiety
  • Long-term neurological damage associated with neurodegenerative diseases
  • Exacerbation of inflammation, which can worsen autoimmune and inflammatory conditions

Pesticides and Their Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Pesticides such as organophosphates have been shown to affect neurotransmitter function, leading to an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s. Agricultural workers and individuals consuming non-organic produce may be at higher risk of exposure. Chronic pesticide exposure has also been linked to autoimmune diseases such as lupus and multiple sclerosis due to its ability to trigger inflammatory responses.

Mould and Mycotoxins

Mould exposure, particularly to mycotoxins produced by certain fungi, has been associated with brain fog, headaches, chronic fatigue, and neurological symptoms. Individuals with mould sensitivities may experience worsened symptoms, including mental health disturbances and cognitive dysfunction. Mycotoxins can also exacerbate inflammation in the body, contributing to the progression of autoimmune diseases and other inflammatory conditions.

Strategies to Reduce Neurotoxin Exposure and Support Brain Health

Given the prevalence of neurotoxins in our environment, taking proactive steps to minimise exposure and support detoxification is essential for maintaining cognitive function and overall brain health. If you are looking for expert guidance, searching for a Registered Nutritionist near me or a Registered Clinical Nutritionist in Limerick, Cork, or Waterford can help you develop a personalised nutrition and detox plan.

Conclusion

Neurotoxins are pervasive in modern life, and their impact on brain health can be significant. From air pollution and heavy metals to pesticides and processed food additives, minimising exposure and supporting detoxification through proper nutrition and lifestyle changes is essential.

Inflammation plays a key role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune conditions, and cognitive decline. Reducing exposure to inflammatory neurotoxins and adopting an anti-inflammatory diet can significantly improve overall brain health.

If you’re experiencing symptoms like brain fog, headaches, memory problems or general memory issues, cognitive decline, or are concerned about conditions like Alzheimer’s, dementia, ADHD, autism, inflammation or autoimmune diseases, working with a qualified nutritionist and therapist can be a proactive step towards better brain health. Whether you’re in Munster, Limerick, Cork, Waterford, Ireland, UK, or searching for a nutritionist near me, expert guidance can help you take control of your brain and cognitive wellness and protect your brain for the future.

 

Please phone or text me directly on  087 616 6638  or 087 716 88 44 

Or Contact me here to arrange a call back to discuss how I can help

It is important to understand the impact of neurotoxins on the brain, not only to make the necessary diet and lifestyle changes to reduce your exposure, but to also support our body`s ability to detoxify them by incorporating the right foods and nutrients. Helping ensure that you can safeguard your long-term brain health.  

References:

Understanding the impact of neurotoxins on brain health is crucial for mitigating their adverse effects. Scientific references from academic journals for further reading:

  1. 1.  Nieder R, Benbi DK, Nieder R, Benbi DK. Integrated review of the nexus between toxic elements in the environment and human health.  AIMS Public Health 2022 4:758. 2022;9(4):758-789. https://www.doi:10.3934/PUBLICHEALTH.2022052 
    2.  Kempuraj D, Thangavel R, Natteru PA, et al. Neuroinflammation Induces Neurodegeneration. J Neurol Neurosurg Spine. 2016;1(1):1003. Accessed January 13, 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5260818/ 
    3.  Richardson JR, Fitsanakis V, Westerink R, Kanthasamy AG. Neurotoxicity of Pesticides. https://www.doi:10.1007/s00401-019-02033-9
    4.  Zhao FJ, Tang Z, Song JJ, Huang XY, Wang P. Toxic metals and metalloids: Uptake, transport, detoxification, phytoremediation, and crop improvement for safer food. Mol Plant. 2022;15(1):27-44. https://www.doi:10.1016/J.MOLP.2021.09.016/ASSET/CB5E455C-1CF7-424C-8E36-2BA578BCB72D/MAIN.ASSETS/GR2.JPG
    5.  Grandjean P. Developmental fluoride neurotoxicity: an updated review. https://www.doi:10.1186/s12940-019-0551-x
    6.  Nieder R, Benbi DK. Integrated review of the nexus between toxic elements in the environment and human health. AIMS Public Health. 2022;9(4):758-789.  https://www.doi:10.3934/PUBLICHEALTH.2022052
    7.  Nieder R, Benbi DK. Integrated review of the nexus between toxic elements in the environment and human health. AIMS Public Health. 2022;9(4):758-789. https://www.doi:10.3934/PUBLICHEALTH.2022052
    8.  De La Monte SM, Kril JJ. Human alcohol-related neuropathology. Acta Neuropathol. 2014;127(1):71-90. https://www.doi:10.1007/S00401-013-1233-3
    9.  van Zonneveld SM, van den Oever EJ, Haarman BCM, et al. An Anti-Inflammatory Diet and Its Potential Benefit for Individuals with Mental Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases—A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024, Vol 16, Page 2646. 2024;16(16):2646. https://www.doi:10.3390/NU16162646
    10.  Rosca A, Coronel R, Moreno M, et al. Impact of environmental neurotoxic: current methods and usefulness of human stem cells. Heliyon. 2020;6(12):e05773.  https://www.doi:10.1016/J.HELIYON.2020.E05773/ASSET/0D7A3F00-C2D7-4BB5-B4BC-1B5BC136839E/MAIN.ASSETS/GR2.JPG
    11.  Rude KM, Keogh CE, Gareau MG. The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Mediating Neurotoxic Outcomes to PCB Exposure. https://www.doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2019.08.010
    12.  Cryan JF, O’riordan KJ, Cowan CSM, et al. The microbiota-gut-brain axis. Physiol Rev. 2019;99(4):1877-2013. https://www.doi:10.1152/PHYSREV.00018.2018
    13.  Rude KM, Keogh CE, Gareau MG. The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Mediating Neurotoxic Outcomes to PCB Exposure. https://www.doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2019.08.010
    14.  Mogensen FLH, Delle C, Nedergaard M. The Glymphatic System (En)during Inflammation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, Vol 22, Page 7491. 2021;22(14):7491. https://www.doi:10.3390/IJMS22147491
    15.  Lassale C, Batty GD, Baghdadli A, et al. Healthy dietary indices and risk of depressive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Mol Psychiatry. 2019;24(7):965-986. https://www.doi:10.1038/S41380-018-0237-8
    16.  Piovan A, Filippini R, Corbioli G, et al. Carotenoid Extract Derived from Euglena gracilis Overcomes Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation in Microglia: Role of NF-κB and Nrf2 Signaling Pathways. Mol Neurobiol. 2021;58(7):3515.  https://www.doi:10.1007/S12035-021-02353-6
    17.  Kurutas EB. The importance of antioxidants which play the role in cellular response against oxidative/nitrosative stress: current state. Nutr J. 2016;15(1). doi:10.1186/S12937-016-0186-5
    18.  Canhada S, Castro K, Perry IS, Luft VC. Omega-3 fatty acids’ supplementation in Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review. Nutr Neurosci. 2018;21(8):529-538. https://www.doi:10.1080/1028415X.2017.1321813
    19.  Kirkland AE, Sarlo GL, Holton KF. The Role of Magnesium in Neurological Disorders. https://www.doi:10.3390/nu10060730
    20.  Smith AD, Smith SM, de Jager CA, et al. Homocysteine-lowering by B vitamins slows the rate of accelerated brain atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2010;5(9):1-10.  https://www.doi:10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0012244
    21.  Kim J-M, Polster BM, Rastmanesh R, Holton KF. Micronutrients May Be a Unique Weapon Against the Neurotoxic Triad of Excitotoxicity, Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation: A Perspective. Published online 2021. https://www.doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.726457
  2. Air Pollution and Cognitive Impairment: Research indicates that long-term exposure to air pollution contributes to cognitive decline and an increased risk of dementia. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1809474115

  3. Heavy Metals and Neurotoxicity: Studies have shown that exposure to heavy metals like lead and cadmium is associated with neurobehavioral performance deficits in older adults. https://enveurope.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12302-024-00843-7

  4. Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Chronic neuroinflammation is a key factor in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1062060

  5. Environmental Toxicants and Neurodegeneration: Environmental toxicants have been linked to neurodegenerative disorders, affecting neuronal structure and function. https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/137/12/2809/4670101

  6. Inflammation in Autoimmune Diseases: Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10584158/

  7. Neuroinflammation in Autoimmune Diseases and Brain Tumors: Balancing neuroinflammation is crucial in managing autoimmune diseases and primary brain tumors. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2021.716947/full

  8. Modeling Immune Complex-Mediated Autoimmune Inflammation: This study explores the mechanisms of immune complex-mediated inflammation in autoimmune diseases. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20832412/

  9. Neurotoxicity and Underlying Mechanisms of Endogenous Neurotoxins: Endogenous neurotoxins contribute to neurodegenerative diseases through various mechanisms. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8657695/

  10. Pathophysiology of Autoimmune Diseases and Inflammation: This article discusses the underlying mechanisms of inflammation in autoimmune diseases. https://www.ajmc.com/view/pathophysiology-of-autoimmune-diseases-and-inflammation

  11. Developmental Fluoride Neurotoxicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3491930/
  12. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Fluoride: fact sheet for health professionals. National Institutes of Health. Updated June 17, 2024. Accessed June 24, 2024.  https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Fluoride-HealthProfessional/
  13. Boehmer TJ, Lesaja S, Espinoza L, Ladva CN. Community water fluoridation levels to promote effectiveness and safety in oral health – United States, 2016-2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72(22):593-596. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7222a1
  14. World Health Organization Chemical Safety and Health Unit. Inadequate or excess fluoride. World Health Organization. Accessed June 13, 2024. https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/chemical-safety-and-health/health-impacts/chemicals/inadequate-or-excess-fluoride
  15. Wang D, Cao L, Pan S, et al. Sirt3-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in fluoride-induced cognitive deficits. Food Chem Toxicol. 2021;158:112665. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2021.112665
  16. Kumar S, Shenoy S, Swamy RS, Ravichandiran V, Kumar N. Fluoride-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and approaches for its intervention. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024;202(3):835-849. doi:10.1007/s12011-023-03720-1
  17. Guth S, Hüser S, Roth A, et al. Toxicity of fluoride: critical evaluation of evidence for human developmental neurotoxicity in epidemiological studies, animal experiments and in vitro analyses. Arch Toxicol. 2020;94(5):1375-1415. doi:10.1007/s00204-020-02725-2
  18. Somporn R, Lapinee C, Umponstira C, Weterings R, Chaiwong S. Iodine status in pregnant women having urinary fluoride in contaminated areas: a case study of Phayao Province. J Environ Public Health. 2023;2023:3677359. doi:10.1155/2023/3677359
  19. Iamandii I, De Pasquale L, Giannone ME, et al. Does fluoride exposure affect thyroid function? A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Environ Res. 2024;242:117759. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.117759
  20. Ferreira MKM, Nascimento PC, Bittencourt LO, et al. Is there any association between fluoride exposure and thyroid function modulation? A systematic review. PLoS One. 2024;19(4):e0301911. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0301911
  21. Hall M, Lanphear B, Chevrier J, et al. Fluoride exposure and hypothyroidism in a Canadian pregnancy cohort. Sci Total Environ. 2023;869:161149. https://www.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161149
  22. Green R, Lanphear B, Hornung R, et al. Association between maternal fluoride exposure during pregnancy and IQ scores in offspring in Canada. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(10):940-948. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1729
  23. Farmus L, Till C, Green R, et al. Critical windows of fluoride neurotoxicity in Canadian children [published correction appears in Environ Res. 2022;215(Pt. 3):114468 doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.114468]. Environ Res. 2021;200:111315. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111315
  24. Malin AJ, Eckel SP, Hu H, et al. Maternal urinary fluoride and child neurobehavior at age 36 months. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(5):e2411987. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.11987

Alcohol consumption has been extensively studied for its adverse health effects.  Academic and scientific references detailing the dangers associated with alcohol use, each accompanied by its HTTPS address:​

  1. Global Burden of Disease Study – The Lancet: This comprehensive study concluded that there is no safe level of alcohol consumption, attributing nearly 3 million deaths globally to alcohol use in 2016.

  2. World Health Organization (WHO) Fact Sheet on Alcohol: The WHO provides key facts about alcohol consumption, highlighting its association with over 200 diseases and injury conditions, including liver cirrhosis, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases.

  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Alcohol Use and Your Health: The CDC outlines how alcohol consumption increases the risk of several types of cancer, including breast and colorectal cancers, and contributes to high blood pressure and heart disease.

  4. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) – Alcohol’s Effects on the Body: This resource details how excessive alcohol intake can damage various organs and systems, leading to conditions like pancreatitis, liver disease, and weakened immune function.

  5. WHO – No Level of Alcohol Consumption is Safe for Health: The WHO emphasizes that current evidence does not indicate any safe level of alcohol consumption, particularly concerning its carcinogenic effects.World Health Organization

  6. Health Effects of Alcohol – Wikipedia: This article summarizes the long-term health risks associated with alcohol, including its classification as a carcinogen and its contribution to various cancers and liver diseases.

  7. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) – Alcohol Use: The IHME discusses the global patterns of alcohol use and its health impacts, noting that even moderate consumption increases health risks.

  8. Alcoholic Beverage – Wikipedia: This entry provides an overview of the health effects of alcohol, including its role as a depressant and its association with various health risks.

  9. Surgeon General’s Advisory on Alcohol and Health: The U.S. Surgeon General highlights the link between alcohol consumption and cancer, advocating for warning labels on alcohol products.

  10. Time Magazine: Why, Exactly, Is Alcohol So Bad for You?: This article explores recent scientific findings on how alcohol negatively impacts health, including its role in increasing cancer risk and causing organ damage.

  11. Verywell Health: Why Whiskey Won’t Help Ease Your Cold Symptoms: This article debunks the myth that alcohol can treat cold symptoms and discusses how alcohol can weaken the immune system.

  12. EatingWell: Cancer Rates Are on the Rise for Young People—Can Diet & Lifestyle Choices Lower the Risk?: The article discusses how lifestyle choices, including alcohol consumption, impact cancer risk among younger populations.

  13. The Sun: Quitting Alcohol Could Actually Increase Risk Factor for Heart Attack and Stroke, Study Says: This article covers a study suggesting that abrupt cessation of alcohol can lead to changes in cholesterol levels, potentially increasing cardiovascular risks.

  14. New York Post: Is Red Wine Actually Healthier Than White? New Study Casts Doubt: The article discusses a study questioning the belief that red wine is healthier than white, highlighting that both can increase cancer risk.

  15. Vox: Is ‘Moderate’ Drinking Really That Bad for You?: This article examines the health effects of moderate alcohol consumption, challenging the notion that it is beneficial and highlighting associated risks.

  16. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Alcohol and Cancer: This statement from the American Society of Clinical Oncology emphasizes the causal relationship between alcohol consumption and cancer.

  17. The Lancet: Alcohol Use and Burden for 195 Countries and Territories: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study highlighting the health risks associated with alcohol use across different regions.

  18. British Medical Journal (BMJ): Association of Alcohol Consumption with Selected Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes: A meta-analysis examining the relationship between alcohol intake and various cardiovascular diseases.

  19. American Heart Association: Alcohol and Heart Health: The AHA discusses how alcohol consumption affects heart health, noting that excessive drinking increases the risk of heart disease.

  20. Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Alcohol and Cardiovascular Health: This review explores how the dose of alcohol determines its effects on cardiovascular health, with higher consumption linked to increased risks.

  21. Diabetes Care: Moderate Alcohol Consumption Lowers the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A meta-analysis suggesting that moderate alcohol consumption may lower the risk of type 2 diabetes, though the overall health risks may outweigh benefits.

  22. Circulation: Wine and Cardiovascular Health: A comprehensive review discussing the complex relationship between wine consumption and cardiovascular health.

  23. Journal of the American College of Cardiology: Alcohol and Health: This article provides an overview of the effects of alcohol on health, emphasizing that even moderate consumption carries risks.

  24. Addiction Journal: Alcohol Consumption and Mortality in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: A meta-analysis investigating the impact of alcohol on mortality among individuals with cardiovascular conditions.

  25. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: The Appetizing Effect of an Apéritif in Overweight and Normal-Weight Humans: This study examines how alcohol consumption before meals can increase appetite, potentially leading to overeating.

Health risks associated with alcohol consumption.

Academic and scientific references detailing the dangers associated with alcohol consumption:
  1. Global Burden of Disease Study – The Lancet: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31310-2/fulltext

  2. World Health Organization (WHO) Fact Sheet on Alcohol: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/alcohol

  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Alcohol Use and Your Health: https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/alcohol-use.htm

  4. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) – Alcohol’s Effects on the Body: https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/alcohols-effects-body

  5. WHO – No Level of Alcohol Consumption is Safe for Health: https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/04-01-2023-no-level-of-alcohol-consumption-is-safe-for-our-health

  6. Health Effects of Alcohol – Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_alcohol

  7. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) – Alcohol Use: https://www.healthdata.org/results/gbd_summaries/2019/alcohol-use-level-2-cause

  8. Alcoholic Beverage – Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage

  9. Surgeon General’s Advisory on Alcohol and Health: https://www.hhs.gov/surgeongeneral/reports-and-publications/addiction-and-substance-misuse/advisory-on-alcohol/index.html

  10. Time Magazine: Why, Exactly, Is Alcohol So Bad for You?: https://time.com/6171932/alcohol-health-effects/

  11. Verywell Health: Why Whiskey Won’t Help Ease Your Cold Symptoms: https://www.verywellhealth.com/does-whiskey-help-a-cold-5184569

  12. EatingWell: Cancer Rates Are on the Rise for Young People—Can Diet & Lifestyle Choices Lower the Risk?: https://www.eatingwell.com/article/7936767/cancer-rates-are-on-the-rise-for-young-people-can-diet-lifestyle-choices-lower-the-risk/

  13. The Sun: Quitting Alcohol Could Actually Increase Risk Factor for Heart Attack and Stroke, Study Says: https://www.thesun.co.uk/health/14880757/quitting-alcohol-increase-risk-factor-heart-attack-stroke/

  14. New York Post: Is Red Wine Actually Healthier Than White? New Study Casts Doubt: https://nypost.com/2022/03/15/is-red-wine-actually-healthier-than-white-new-study-casts-doubt/

  15. Vox: Is ‘Moderate’ Drinking Really That Bad for You?: https://www.vox.com/2018/8/24/17775192/alcohol-health-effects-study

  16. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Alcohol and Cancer: https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2017.76.1155

  17. The Lancet: Alcohol Use and Burden for 195 Countries and Territories: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31310-2/fulltext

  18. British Medical Journal (BMJ): Association of Alcohol Consumption with Selected Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes: https://www.bmj.com/content/356/bmj.j909

  19. American Heart Association: Alcohol and Heart Health: https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/nutrition-basics/alcohol-and-heart-health

  20. Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Alcohol and Cardiovascular Health: https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)61198-7/fulltext

  21. Diabetes Care: Moderate Alcohol Consumption Lowers the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/28/3/719/26015/Alcohol-Consumption-and-Risk-of-Type-2-Diabetes-A

  22. Circulation: Wine and Cardiovascular Health: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.584284

  23. Journal of the American College of Cardiology: Alcohol and Health: https://www.jacc.org/doi/full/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.039

  24. Addiction Journal: Alcohol Consumption and Mortality in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/add.13407

  25. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: The Appetizing Effect of an Apéritif in Overweight and Normal-Weight Humans: https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/103/3/682/4569582

These links provide direct access to studies and articles detailing the health risks associated with alcohol consumption.